A photovoltaic (PV) system, also known as a solar power system or solar energy system, is a technology that converts sunlight into electrical energy. It harnesses the power of the sun by using photovoltaic cells, which are typically made of semiconductor materials like silicon.
Here's how a photovoltaic system works:
Solar Panels: The system consists of solar panels, also called solar modules, which are composed of multiple photovoltaic cells. These cells contain layers of semiconductor materials that can generate electricity when exposed to sunlight.
Sunlight Conversion: When sunlight hits the solar panels, the photovoltaic cells absorb the photons (particles of light energy). This energy excites the electrons in the semiconductor material, creating an electric current.
Direct Current (DC) Electricity: The electric current produced by the photovoltaic cells is in the form of direct current (DC). However, most electrical devices and the power grid operate on alternating current (AC). To convert the DC electricity into AC, an inverter is used.
Inverter: The inverter converts the DC electricity from the solar panels into AC electricity, which is suitable for powering household appliances, lighting, and other electrical devices. The inverter also synchronizes the solar system with the utility grid, allowing for the transfer of excess electricity to the grid or drawing power when needed.
Energy Usage and Grid Interaction: The AC electricity generated by the photovoltaic system can be used directly in the building where the system is installed. If the solar system produces more electricity than is needed, the excess can be fed back into the utility grid. This is known as net metering or grid-tied system, where you can receive credits for the surplus electricity you generate. During times when the solar system does not produce enough electricity, you can draw power from the grid.
Photovoltaic systems can be installed on rooftops, open land, or integrated into buildings' facades. They are an environmentally friendly and renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels, lowers carbon emissions, and helps in the transition toward sustainable energy solutions.
It's worth noting that the efficiency and capacity of a photovoltaic system depend on factors such as the quality of solar panels, sunlight availability, orientation and tilt of the panels, and geographical location.